Proteus  8  Professional is  a very  useful  electronic  software  for the users of  the world of electronics ,  students and  professional...
Timing Diagram Notation Conventions
 Timing notation is illustrated in Figure 1. The timing notation used in manufacturers' data sheets may vary from this, but is usually v...

Bus of Microprocessor/Microcontroller
 There are three groups of signals, or buses, that connect the CPU to the other major components. The buses are:   Data bus  Address bus  Co...
The AVR Data Memory
 In AVR microcontrollers there are two kinds of memory space: code memory space and data memory space. Our program is stored in code memory ...
Overview of The AVR Family
    The basic architecture of AVR was designed by two students of Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), Alf-Egil Bogen  and Vegard Wollan...
Design Methodology
 The interconnection between the CPU, memory, and I/O of the address and data buses is generally a one-to-one connection. The hard part is d...
Mechanical Switches
   Mechanical switches are useful for direct input to digital circuits. One of the more convenient versions is a bank of rocker switches pac...
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